Judges Scientific plc designs, manufactures, and sells scientific instruments and services in the United Kingdom and internationally. It operates through two segments: Materials Sciences and Vacuum. The company offers engineering teaching and research equipment for universities, colleges, schools, and research centres; and research and development systems for food, beverages, dairy, edible oils, ingredients and pharmaceuticals industries. It also provides cutting edge LED illumination systems for researchers and clinicians; tensile testing, motion control, and specimen cooling for microscopy applications; automated measurement systems for fibres; edge welded metal bellows; and fire testing instruments, such as cone and large-scale calorimeters, NBS smoke chambers and oxygen index test, and related fire testing instruments. In addition, the company offers equipment and software for computer-controlled testing of soils and rocks; high-resolution fibre optic instruments using photon-counting OTDR technology; thin film deposition systems; physical and chemical vapour deposition instruments to cover materials with thin films; open-flow and closed-cycle devices for sample cooling in X-ray diffraction; test equipment for the measurement of optical fibers; scientific equipment used by electrophysiology researchers; rare gas purifiers for metal analysis; and polarization imaging systems, and cosmetic testing turn-key instruments. Further, it provides specialist instrumentation for geoscience applications; specialized calorimeters for chemical and battery industries; sample heating and manipulation products for use in vacuum markets for materials research and production; sheet metalwork, including components and casting, fabrication, bespoke engineering solutions, laser cutting and CNC machining. Judges Scientific plc was incorporated in 2002 and is based in London, the United Kingdom.