Declared Dividend • Jun 21
Third quarter dividend of US$0.52 announced Shareholders will receive a dividend of US$0.52. Ex-date: 1st July 2026 Payment date: 15th July 2026 Dividend yield will be 2.8%, which is lower than the industry average of 3.3%. Sustainability & Growth Dividend is covered by both earnings (41% earnings payout ratio) and cash flows (54% cash payout ratio). The dividend has increased by an average of 5.7% per year over the past 10 years and has been stable with no material reductions to payments, indicating a long track record of dividend growth and stability. EPS is expected to grow by 63% over the next 3 years, which should provide support to the dividend and adequate earnings cover. Announcement • Jun 17
Thor Industries Announces Regular Quarterly Dividend, Payable on July 15, 2026 THOR Industries, Inc. announced that its Board of Directors approved, at its June 16, 2026, meeting, the payment of a regular quarterly cash dividend of $0.52
per share. The regular cash dividend is payable on July 15, 2026, to shareholders of record at the close of business on July 1, 2026. Announcement • Jun 04
Thor Industries, Inc. Revises Earnings Guidance for the Full Year Fiscal 2026 THOR Industries, Inc. revised earnings guidance for the full year fiscal 2026. For the year, the company expects Diluted earnings per share in the range of $3.30 to $3.80 (previously $3.75 to $4.25). Full-year fiscal 2026 diluted EPS guidance has been revised in light of prolonged macroeconomic headwinds. Consolidated net sales in the range of $9.0 billion to $9.5 billion (no revision). Reported Earnings • Jun 04
Third quarter 2026 earnings released: EPS: US$1.86 (vs US$2.54 in 3Q 2025) Third quarter 2026 results: EPS: US$1.86 (down from US$2.54 in 3Q 2025). Revenue: US$2.78b (down 3.9% from 3Q 2025). Net income: US$97.2m (down 28% from 3Q 2025). Profit margin: 3.5% (down from 4.7% in 3Q 2025). The decrease in margin was driven by lower revenue. Revenue is forecast to grow 5.9% p.a. on average during the next 3 years, compared to a 3.6% growth forecast for the Auto industry in Europe. Over the last 3 years on average, earnings per share has fallen by 18% per year but the company’s share price has only fallen by 6% per year, which means it has not declined as severely as earnings. Board Change • May 24
Insufficient new directors There is 1 new director who has joined the board in the last 3 years. The company's board is composed of: 1 new director. 4 experienced directors. 4 highly experienced directors. Independent Director Jeff Lorenger was the last director to join the board, commencing their role in 2024. The company’s insufficient board refreshment is considered a risk according to the Simply Wall St Risk Model. Announcement • May 21
THOR Industries, Inc. to Report Q3, 2026 Results on Jun 03, 2026 THOR Industries, Inc. announced that they will report Q3, 2026 results at 9:30 AM, US Eastern Standard Time on Jun 03, 2026 Announcement • Apr 01
THOR Industries, Inc. Announces Appointment of Andy Murray as Senior Vice President of Strategy and Business Development THOR Industries, Inc. announced the appointment of Andy Murray as Senior Vice President of Strategy and Business Development, a newly created role reflecting THOR's continued focus on strengthening its supply chain capabilities and supporting long-term value creation across the RV industry. Murray joins THOR with prior executive-level experience from LCI Industries, where he served for twenty years and most recently as Chief Sales Officer. He is widely respected across the RV and specialty manufacturing industries for his experience and leadership. In his new role, Murray will focus on enhancing operational and financial performance, identifying both organic and M&A growth opportunities, and strengthening collaboration across OEM customers, supply partners, and the broader RV ecosystem. Announcement • Mar 25
THOR Industries, Inc. Declares Regular Quarterly Cash Dividend, Payable on April 20, 2026 THOR Industries, Inc. announced that its Board of Directors approved, at its March 24, 2026, meeting, the payment of a regular quarterly cash dividend of $0.52 per share. The regular cash dividend is payable on April 20, 2026, to shareholders of record at the close of business on April 6, 2026. Announcement • Mar 03
THOR Industries, Inc. Provides Consolidated Earnings Guidance for the Fiscal Year 2026 THOR Industries, Inc. provided consolidated earnings guidance for the fiscal year 2026. For the year, the company expects consolidated net sales to be in the range of $9.0 billion to $9.5 billion. Diluted earnings per share to be in the range of $3.75 to $4.25. Announcement • Mar 02
THOR Industries, Inc. Announces the Promotion of Ryan Biren to Chief Information Officer THOR Industries, Inc. announced the promotion of Ryan Biren to Chief Information Officer (CIO), a newly created Executive Officer position. The appointment underscores THOR's decisive commitment to advancing its enterprise data, digital, and artificial intelligence strategies. Biren joined THOR in February of 2024 as Vice President of Corporate Development. In this role, he has developed key data platforms utilized by the Company to improve its performance. Prior to joining THOR, Biren was with Camping World Holdings where he served as a Senior Vice President. As CIO and Executive Officer, Biren will lead THOR's North American IT, data, analytics, IT controls, and digital platform strategy—with a clear mandate: unlock enterprise-wide value from data, accelerate AI-driven innovation and strengthen THOR's competitive advantage in an increasingly digital marketplace. Under Biren's leadership, THOR has built and deployed a robust enterprise data platform now serving all operating companies, including THOR's European operations. The platform has enhanced enterprise visibility, improved speed to insight, and enabled advanced analytics across sales, operations, market intelligence and customer engagement. With the CIO role formalized at the Executive Officer level, THOR is accelerating into its next phase: Scaling AI-enabled analytics across brands and regions; Advancing predictive market intelligence capabilities; Expanding digital dealer and customer experiences; Strengthening enterprise cybersecurity and data governance; Reducing system friction and duplication across the organization. Announcement • Feb 18
THOR Industries, Inc. to Report Q2, 2026 Results on Mar 03, 2026 THOR Industries, Inc. announced that they will report Q2, 2026 results at 9:30 AM, US Eastern Standard Time on Mar 03, 2026 Announcement • Feb 10
THOR Industries, Inc. Announces Departure of Seth Woolf as Head of Corporate Development & Investor Relations THOR Industries, Inc. announced that Seth Woolf, Head of Corporate Development & Investor Relations, will be departing the Company to pursue a role outside of the organization. Mr. Woolf will continue supporting THOR in a consulting capacity through the end of the Company's fiscal year to ensure a smooth and seamless transition. Seth joined THOR with a deep background in the investment industry and a strong understanding of the financial markets. Over the past several months, Seth has contributed meaningfully to investor engagement efforts and has helped strengthen communication with the investment community. THOR Industries expects to provide additional updates regarding its investor relations function in due course. Recent Insider Transactions • Jan 18
Senior VP & COO recently sold US$524k worth of stock On the 15th of January, W. Woelfer sold around 5k shares on-market at roughly US$115 per share. This transaction amounted to 5.5% of their direct individual holding at the time of the trade. This was the largest sale by an insider in the last 3 months. W. has been a net seller over the last 12 months, reducing personal holdings by US$703k. Declared Dividend • Dec 22
First quarter dividend of US$0.52 announced Shareholders will receive a dividend of US$0.52. Ex-date: 5th January 2026 Payment date: 19th January 2026 Dividend yield will be 2.0%, which is lower than the industry average of 3.3%. Sustainability & Growth Dividend is well covered by both earnings (38% earnings payout ratio) and cash flows (29% cash payout ratio). The dividend has increased by an average of 6.8% per year over the past 10 years and has been stable with no material reductions to payments, indicating a long track record of dividend growth and stability. EPS is expected to grow by 50% over the next 3 years, which should provide support to the dividend and adequate earnings cover. Announcement • Dec 17
THOR Industries, Inc. Announces Quarterly Cash Dividend, Payable on January 19, 2026 THOR Industries, Inc. announced that its Board of Directors approved, at its December 16, 2025, meeting, the payment of a regular quarterly cash dividend of $0.52 per share. The regular cash dividend is payable on January 19, 2026, to shareholders of record at the close of business on January 5, 2026. Board Change • Dec 15
Insufficient new directors There is 1 new director who has joined the board in the last 3 years. The company's board is composed of: 1 new director. 4 experienced directors. 4 highly experienced directors. Independent Director Jeff Lorenger was the last director to join the board, commencing their role in 2024. The company’s insufficient board refreshment is considered a risk according to the Simply Wall St Risk Model. Reported Earnings • Dec 04
First quarter 2026 earnings released: EPS: US$0.41 (vs US$0.035 loss in 1Q 2025) First quarter 2026 results: EPS: US$0.41 (up from US$0.035 loss in 1Q 2025). Revenue: US$2.39b (up 12% from 1Q 2025). Net income: US$21.7m (up US$23.5m from 1Q 2025). Profit margin: 0.9% (up from net loss in 1Q 2025). The move to profitability was driven by higher revenue. Revenue is forecast to grow 5.5% p.a. on average during the next 3 years, compared to a 3.5% growth forecast for the Auto industry in Europe. Over the last 3 years on average, earnings per share has fallen by 51% per year but the company’s share price has increased by 8% per year, which means it is well ahead of earnings. Announcement • Nov 20
THOR Industries, Inc. to Report Q1, 2026 Results on Dec 03, 2025 THOR Industries, Inc. announced that they will report Q1, 2026 results Pre-Market on Dec 03, 2025 Announcement • Nov 04
THOR Industries, Inc., Annual General Meeting, Dec 17, 2025 THOR Industries, Inc., Annual General Meeting, Dec 17, 2025. Upcoming Dividend • Oct 18
Upcoming dividend of US$0.52 per share Eligible shareholders must have bought the stock before 23 October 2025. Payment date: 06 November 2025. Payout ratio is a comfortable 41% and this is well supported by cash flows. Trailing yield: 1.9%. Lower than top quartile of British dividend payers (5.6%). Lower than average of industry peers (5.4%). Buy Or Sell Opportunity • Oct 15
Now 22% overvalued after recent price rise Over the last 90 days, the stock has risen 15% to US$103. The fair value is estimated to be US$84.94, however this is not to be taken as a sell recommendation but rather should be used as a guide only. Revenue has declined by 19% over the last 3 years. Earnings per share has declined by 62%. For the next 3 years, revenue is forecast to grow by 5.4% per annum. Earnings are also forecast to grow by 16% per annum over the same time period. Declared Dividend • Oct 10
Fourth quarter dividend increased to US$0.52 Dividend of US$0.52 is 4.0% higher than last year. Ex-date: 23rd October 2025 Payment date: 6th November 2025 Dividend yield will be 2.0%, which is lower than the industry average of 3.3%. Sustainability & Growth Dividend is well covered by both earnings (41% earnings payout ratio) and cash flows (23% cash payout ratio). The dividend has increased by an average of 6.4% per year over the past 10 years and has been stable with no material reductions to payments, indicating a long track record of dividend growth and stability. EPS is expected to grow by 51% over the next 3 years, which should provide support to the dividend and adequate earnings cover. Announcement • Oct 08
Thor Industries Announces Regular Quarterly Dividend, Payable on November 6, 2025 THOR Industries, Inc. announced that its Board of Directors approved, at its October 8, 2025, meeting, the payment of a regular quarterly cash dividend of $0.52 per share. The regular cash dividend is payable on November 6, 2025, to shareholders of record at the close of business on October 23, 2025. Reported Earnings • Sep 25
Full year 2025 earnings released: EPS: US$4.87 (vs US$4.98 in FY 2024) Full year 2025 results: EPS: US$4.87 (down from US$4.98 in FY 2024). Revenue: US$9.58b (down 4.6% from FY 2024). Net income: US$258.6m (down 2.5% from FY 2024). Profit margin: 2.7% (up from 2.6% in FY 2024). The increase in margin was driven by lower expenses. Revenue is forecast to grow 5.7% p.a. on average during the next 3 years, compared to a 3.9% growth forecast for the Auto industry in Europe. Over the last 3 years on average, earnings per share has fallen by 62% per year but the company’s share price has increased by 16% per year, which means it is well ahead of earnings. Buy Or Sell Opportunity • Sep 25
Now 25% overvalued after recent price rise Over the last 90 days, the stock has risen 20% to US$108. The fair value is estimated to be US$86.64, however this is not to be taken as a sell recommendation but rather should be used as a guide only. Revenue has declined by 19% over the last 3 years. Earnings per share has declined by 62%. For the next 3 years, revenue is forecast to grow by 5.7% per annum. Earnings are also forecast to grow by 18% per annum over the same time period. Announcement • Sep 24
THOR Industries, Inc. Provides Earnings Guidance for the Full Fiscal Year 2026 THOR Industries, Inc. provided earnings guidance for the full fiscal year 2026. For fiscal year, the company expects consolidated net sales in the range of $9.0 billion to $9.5 billion and diluted earnings per share in the range of $3.75 to $4.25. Announcement • Sep 22
THOR Industries, Inc. Introduces Range Extended Electric Class A Motorhome THOR Industries, Inc. solidified its position as the recreational vehicle (RV) industry innovation leader by introducing the world's first range extended electric Class A motorhome, the Embark, manufactured by Entegra Coach. Commercialization of Embark marks an important milestone in THOR's 5-year journey to electrification. The European design inspired Embark delivers the ultimate in travel freedom, comfort and sustainability while elevated range anxiety. The vehicle, built on an electric vehicle (EV) platform developed exclusively for the THOR family of companies by Harbinger Motors, integrates a low emission gasoline range extender that can recharge the electric battery system, delivering up to 450 miles of range. The motorhome also delivers 105 miles of range on electric battery alone - perfect for shorter trips or daily exploration. The range extended electric chassis is powered by a center-mounted 140-kWh battery pack, delivering elevated driving stability and smooth and responsive handling. The EV drivetrain delivers instant torque, reduced sway, and a quieter ride - giving more control and comfort on the road. And smart safety comes standard with advanced safety features including backup camera with dynamic trajectory, front and rear ultrasonic collision warnings and real-time tire pressure monitoring. Embark's 800-volt electrical architecture allows for rapid charging at DC Fast Charger locations, facilitating more time on the road. The batteries can also be charged at traditional campsites, at home, or utilizing the range extender, providing RVers the flexibility to charge when and where it's convenient. The electric motorhome can also serve as a mobile energy backup system to power home in the case of emergency - offboarding power to keep essential systems running. Embark is commercially available with full production commencing in 2026. Consumers interested in experiencing an electric Class A motorhome will be able to rent an Embark from THL in 2026. Entegra Coach will maximize consumer feedback from THL's rental fleet to make continuous product improvements throughout 2026. Announcement • Sep 11
THOR Industries, Inc. to Report Q4, 2025 Results on Sep 24, 2025 THOR Industries, Inc. announced that they will report Q4, 2025 results Pre-Market on Sep 24, 2025 Declared Dividend • Jun 23
Third quarter dividend of US$0.50 announced Shareholders will receive a dividend of US$0.50. Ex-date: 1st July 2025 Payment date: 15th July 2025 Dividend yield will be 2.3%, which is lower than the industry average of 3.3%. Sustainability & Growth Dividend is well covered by both earnings (47% earnings payout ratio) and cash flows (20% cash payout ratio). The dividend has increased by an average of 6.4% per year over the past 10 years and has been stable with no material reductions to payments, indicating a long track record of dividend growth and stability. EPS is expected to grow by 75% over the next 3 years, which should provide support to the dividend and adequate earnings cover. Announcement • Jun 04
THOR Industries, Inc. Reaffirms Earnings Guidance for the Full-Year Fiscal of 2025 THOR Industries, Inc. reaffirmed earnings guidance for the full-year fiscal of 2025. For fiscal year, the company expects consolidated net sales in the range of $9.0 billion to $9.5 billion and diluted earnings per share in the range of $3.30 to $4.00. Announcement • May 23
THOR Industries, Inc. to Report Q3, 2025 Results on Jun 04, 2025 THOR Industries, Inc. announced that they will report Q3, 2025 results Pre-Market on Jun 04, 2025 Announcement • Mar 26
THOR Industries, Inc. Approves Regular Quarterly Cash Dividend, Payable on April 22, 2025 THOR Industries, Inc. announced that its Board of Directors approved, at its March 25, 2025, meeting, the payment of a regular quarterly cash dividend of $0.50 per share. The regular cash dividend is payable on April 22, 2025, to shareholders of record at the close of business on April 8, 2025. Announcement • Mar 20
THOR Industries, Inc. Announces Strategic Realignment of Heartland Recreational Vehicle Company THOR Industries, Inc. announced a strategic organizational restructuring aimed at optimizing its enterprise structure and strengthening its brand portfolio. As part of this realignment, Heartland Recreational Vehicles will now be integrated under Jayco, Inc., enhancing operational efficiencies and streamlining business processes. As part of the restructuring, certain private label brands manufactured by Heartland will be transferred to Dutchmen Manufacturing, a division of THOR’s subsidiary Keystone RV Company. These moves are expected to provide strategic benefits, including improved synergies across brands, reduced operating costs, enhanced customer service capabilities, and a more efficient distribution strategy to a consolidated dealer base, all of which should drive improved margins for the THOR companies. The transition will take place over the coming months, with a focus on ensuring a seamless integration process for employees, dealers, and customers. Reported Earnings • Mar 06
First quarter 2025 earnings released: US$0.035 loss per share (vs US$1.01 profit in 1Q 2024) First quarter 2025 results: US$0.035 loss per share (down from US$1.01 profit in 1Q 2024). Revenue: US$2.14b (down 14% from 1Q 2024). Net loss: US$1.83m (down 103% from profit in 1Q 2024). Revenue is forecast to grow 6.3% p.a. on average during the next 3 years, compared to a 2.3% growth forecast for the Auto industry in Europe. Over the last 3 years on average, earnings per share has fallen by 51% per year but the company’s share price has only fallen by 3% per year, which means it has not declined as severely as earnings. New Risk • Mar 05
New minor risk - Share price stability The company's share price has been volatile over the past 3 months. It is more volatile than 75% of British stocks, typically moving 5.0% a week. This is considered a minor risk. Share price volatility indicates the stock is highly sensitive to market conditions or economic conditions rather than being sensitive to its own business performance, which may also be inconsistent. It also increases the risk of potential losses in the short term as the stock tends to have larger drops in price more frequently than other stocks. This is currently the only risk that has been identified for the company. Valuation Update With 7 Day Price Move • Mar 05
Investor sentiment deteriorates as stock falls 22% After last week's 22% share price decline to US$80.18, the stock trades at a forward P/E ratio of 21x. Average forward P/E is 5x in the Auto industry in Europe. Total loss to shareholders of 3.8% over the past three years. Simply Wall St's valuation model estimates the intrinsic value at US$86.51 per share. Announcement • Mar 05
THOR Industries, Inc. Revises Earnings Guidance for the Fiscal Year of 2025 THOR Industries, Inc. revised earnings guidance for the fiscal year of 2025. For fiscal 2025, the Company’s updated full-year financial guidance now includes: Consolidated net sales in the range of $9.0 billion to $9.5 billion (narrowing the previous range of $9.0 billion to $9.8 billion). Diluted earnings per share in the range of $3.30 to $4.00 (previously in the range of $4.00 to $5.00). Announcement • Feb 20
THOR Industries, Inc. to Report Q2, 2025 Results on Mar 05, 2025 THOR Industries, Inc. announced that they will report Q2, 2025 results Pre-Market on Mar 05, 2025 Announcement • Feb 03
Patrick Industries, Inc. (NasdaqGS:PATK) acquired Elkhart Composites, Inc. from THOR Industries, Inc. (NYSE:THO). Patrick Industries, Inc. (NasdaqGS:PATK) acquired Elkhart Composites, Inc. from THOR Industries, Inc. (NYSE:THO) on February 3, 2025.
Patrick Industries, Inc. (NasdaqGS:PATK) completed the acquisition of Elkhart Composites, Inc. from THOR Industries, Inc. (NYSE:THO) on February 3, 2025. Declared Dividend • Dec 23
First quarter dividend of US$0.50 announced Shareholders will receive a dividend of US$0.50. Ex-date: 6th January 2025 Payment date: 17th January 2025 Dividend yield will be 2.1%, which is lower than the industry average of 3.3%. Sustainability & Growth Dividend is well covered by both earnings (49% earnings payout ratio) and cash flows (27% cash payout ratio). The dividend has increased over the past 10 years. However, payments have been volatile during that time. EPS is expected to grow by 84% over the next 3 years, which should provide support to the dividend and adequate earnings cover. Announcement • Dec 20
THOR Industries, Inc. Approves Regular Quarterly Cash Dividend, Payable on January 17, 2025 THOR Industries, Inc. announced that its Board of Directors approved, at its December 19, 2024, meeting, the payment of a regular quarterly cash dividend of $0.50 per share. The regular cash dividend is payable on January 17, 2025, to shareholders of record at the close of business on January 6, 2025. Reported Earnings • Dec 05
First quarter 2025 earnings released: US$0.035 loss per share (vs US$1.01 profit in 1Q 2024) First quarter 2025 results: US$0.035 loss per share (down from US$1.01 profit in 1Q 2024). Revenue: US$2.14b (down 14% from 1Q 2024). Net loss: US$1.83m (down 103% from profit in 1Q 2024). Revenue is forecast to grow 6.8% p.a. on average during the next 3 years, compared to a 4.2% growth forecast for the Auto industry in Europe. Over the last 3 years on average, earnings per share has fallen by 51% per year but the company’s share price has remained flat, which means it is well ahead of earnings. Announcement • Dec 04
THOR Industries, Inc. Reiterates Earnings Guidance for the Full Year 2025 THOR Industries, Inc. reiterated earnings guidance for the full year 2025. for the year, the company expects consolidated net sales in the range of $9.0 billion to $9.8 billion and Diluted earnings per share in the range of $4.00 to $5.00. Announcement • Nov 20
THOR Industries, Inc. to Report Q1, 2025 Results on Dec 04, 2024 THOR Industries, Inc. announced that they will report Q1, 2025 results Pre-Market on Dec 04, 2024 Announcement • Nov 07
THOR Industries, Inc., Annual General Meeting, Dec 20, 2024 THOR Industries, Inc., Annual General Meeting, Dec 20, 2024. Buy Or Sell Opportunity • Nov 01
Now 24% undervalued Over the last 90 days, the stock has risen 6.9% to US$105. The fair value is estimated to be US$138, however this is not to be taken as a buy recommendation but rather should be used as a guide only. Revenue has declined by 14% over the last 3 years. Earnings per share has declined by 39%. For the next 3 years, revenue is forecast to grow by 5.0% per annum. Earnings are also forecast to grow by 18% per annum over the same time period. Upcoming Dividend • Oct 25
Upcoming dividend of US$0.50 per share Eligible shareholders must have bought the stock before 01 November 2024. Payment date: 15 November 2024. Payout ratio is a comfortable 39% and this is well supported by cash flows. Trailing yield: 1.9%. Lower than top quartile of British dividend payers (5.7%). Lower than average of industry peers (7.9%). Declared Dividend • Oct 10
Fourth quarter dividend increased to US$0.50 Dividend of US$0.50 is 4.2% higher than last year. Ex-date: 1st November 2024 Payment date: 15th November 2024 Dividend yield will be 1.8%, which is lower than the industry average of 3.3%. Sustainability & Growth Dividend is well covered by both earnings (39% earnings payout ratio) and cash flows (25% cash payout ratio). The dividend has remained flat since 10 years ago. However, payments have been volatile during that time. EPS is expected to grow by 62% over the next 3 years, which should provide support to the dividend and adequate earnings cover. Announcement • Oct 08
THOR Industries, Inc. Announces Regular Quarterly Dividend, Payable on November 15, 2024 THOR Industries, Inc. announced that its Board of Directors approved, at its October 8, 2024 meeting, the payment of a regular quarterly cash dividend of $0.50 per share. The new quarterly dividend amount represents a 4.2% increase from the previous quarterly dividend amount of $0.48. The regular cash dividend is payable on November 15, 2024, to shareholders of record at the close of business on November 1, 2024. Buy Or Sell Opportunity • Sep 30
Now 20% undervalued Over the last 90 days, the stock has risen 16% to US$109. The fair value is estimated to be US$137, however this is not to be taken as a buy recommendation but rather should be used as a guide only. Revenue has declined by 14% over the last 3 years. Earnings per share has declined by 39%. For the next 3 years, revenue is forecast to grow by 5.4% per annum. Earnings are also forecast to grow by 18% per annum over the same time period. Reported Earnings • Sep 24
Full year 2024 earnings released: EPS: US$4.98 (vs US$7.00 in FY 2023) Full year 2024 results: EPS: US$4.98 (down from US$7.00 in FY 2023). Revenue: US$10.0b (down 9.7% from FY 2023). Net income: US$265.3m (down 29% from FY 2023). Profit margin: 2.6% (down from 3.4% in FY 2023). The decrease in margin was driven by lower revenue. Revenue is forecast to grow 7.5% p.a. on average during the next 3 years, compared to a 4.9% growth forecast for the Auto industry in Europe. Over the last 3 years on average, earnings per share has fallen by 39% per year but the company’s share price has only fallen by 4% per year, which means it has not declined as severely as earnings. Announcement • Sep 24
THOR Industries, Inc. Provides Consolidated Earnings Guidance for the Fiscal Year 2025 THOR Industries, Inc. provided consolidated earnings guidance for the fiscal year 2025. For the fiscal year 2025, the company expected consolidated net sales in the range of $9.0 billion to $9.8 billion, Consolidated gross profit margin in the range of 14.7% to 15.2% and Diluted earnings per share in the range of $4.00 to $5.00. Announcement • Sep 11
THOR Industries, Inc. to Report Q4, 2024 Results on Sep 24, 2024 THOR Industries, Inc. announced that they will report Q4, 2024 results Pre-Market on Sep 24, 2024 Declared Dividend • Jun 24
Third quarter dividend of US$0.48 announced Shareholders will receive a dividend of US$0.48. Ex-date: 3rd July 2024 Payment date: 18th July 2024 Dividend yield will be 2.1%, which is lower than the industry average of 3.3%. Sustainability & Growth Dividend is well covered by both earnings (38% earnings payout ratio) and cash flows (19% cash payout ratio). The dividend has remained flat since 10 years ago. However, payments have been volatile during that time. EPS is expected to grow by 89% over the next 3 years, which should provide support to the dividend and adequate earnings cover. Announcement • Jun 19
THOR Industries, Inc. Announces Regular Quarterly Dividend, Payable on July 18, 2024 THOR Industries, Inc. announced that its Board of Directors approved, at its June 19, 2024 meeting, the payment of a regular quarterly cash dividend of $0.48 per share. The regular cash dividend is payable on July 18, 2024, to shareholders of record at the close of business on July 3, 2024. Announcement • Jun 06
Thor Industries, Inc. Revises Consolidated Earnings Guidance for the Full Fiscal Year 2024 THOR Industries, Inc. revised consolidated earnings guidance for the full fiscal year 2024. For fiscal 2024, the Company’s updated full-year guidance now includes: Consolidated net sales in the range of $9.8 billion to $10.1 billion (previously $10.0 billion to $10.5 billion) and Diluted earnings per share in the range of $4.50 to $4.75 (previously $5.00 to $5.50). Reported Earnings • Jun 06
Third quarter 2024 earnings released: EPS: US$2.15 (vs US$2.26 in 3Q 2023) Third quarter 2024 results: EPS: US$2.15 (down from US$2.26 in 3Q 2023). Revenue: US$2.80b (down 4.4% from 3Q 2023). Net income: US$114.5m (down 5.1% from 3Q 2023). Profit margin: 4.1% (in line with 3Q 2023). Revenue is forecast to grow 6.6% p.a. on average during the next 3 years, compared to a 2.6% growth forecast for the Auto industry in Europe. Over the last 3 years on average, earnings per share has fallen by 27% per year but the company’s share price has only fallen by 6% per year, which means it has not declined as severely as earnings. Declared Dividend • Mar 31
Second quarter dividend of US$0.48 announced Shareholders will receive a dividend of US$0.48. Ex-date: 8th April 2024 Payment date: 23rd April 2024 Dividend yield will be 1.6%, which is lower than the industry average of 3.3%. Sustainability & Growth Dividend is well covered by both earnings (37% earnings payout ratio) and cash flows (18% cash payout ratio). The dividend has increased by an average of 10% per year over the past 10 years. However, payments have been volatile during that time. EPS is expected to grow by 85% over the next 3 years, which should provide support to the dividend and adequate earnings cover. Announcement • Mar 27
THOR Industries, Inc. Approves Regular Quarterly Cash Dividend, Payable on April 23, 2024 THOR Industries, Inc. announced that its Board of Directors approved, at its March 26, 2024 meeting, the payment of a regular quarterly cash dividend of $0.48 per share. The regular cash dividend is payable on April 23, 2024, to shareholders of record at the close of business on April 9, 2024. Reported Earnings • Mar 07
Second quarter 2024 earnings released: EPS: US$0.14 (vs US$0.51 in 2Q 2023) Second quarter 2024 results: EPS: US$0.14 (down from US$0.51 in 2Q 2023). Revenue: US$2.21b (down 5.9% from 2Q 2023). Net income: US$7.22m (down 73% from 2Q 2023). Profit margin: 0.3% (down from 1.2% in 2Q 2023). The decrease in margin was driven by lower revenue. Revenue is forecast to grow 7.1% p.a. on average during the next 3 years, compared to a 2.7% growth forecast for the Auto industry in Europe. Over the last 3 years on average, earnings per share has fallen by 12% per year but the company’s share price has only fallen by 6% per year, which means it has not declined as severely as earnings. Announcement • Mar 07
THOR Industries, Inc. Revises Earnings Guidance for the Full Year 2024 THOR Industries, Inc. revised earnings guidance for the full year 2024. The company now expects consolidated net sales in the range of $10.0 billion to $10.5 billion (previously $10.5 billion to $11.0 billion). Diluted earnings per share in the range of $5.00 to $5.50 (previously $6.25 to $7.25). Announcement • Feb 23
THOR Industries, Inc. to Report Q2, 2024 Results on Mar 06, 2024 THOR Industries, Inc. announced that they will report Q2, 2024 results Pre-Market on Mar 06, 2024 Announcement • Feb 05
Thor Industries, Inc. Appoints Jeffrey D. Lorenger to Its Board of Directors THOR Industries, Inc. announced the appointment of Jeffrey D. Lorenger to its Board of Directors, effective February 1, 2024. Mr. Lorenger, age 58, is the President, Chief Executive Officer, and Chairman of the Board for HNI Corporation, a leading manufacturer of workplace furnishings and residential building products. Mr. Lorenger has served in his role of President and CEO since June 2018 and has been Chairman of the HNI Board of Directors since February 2020. Mr. Lorenger has a wide array of experience during his 25 years at HNI including President of Office Furniture, President of Allsteel, and General Counsel of HNI prior to assuming his current role. Mr. Lorenger fills the Board seat recently vacated upon Wilson Jones’ retirement from the Board in December 2023. With his appointment, THOR’s Board of Directors has nine members. Mr. Lorenger holds three degrees from the University of Iowa, having received a BBA in Marketing, a Juris Doctorate, and an MBA. Announcement • Jan 23
Thor Industries Announces Appointment of Michele Mcdermott as Chief Human Resources Officer THOR Industries, Inc. announced the appointment of Michele McDermott as Chief Human Resources Officer (CHRO). In this role, Ms. McDermott will be responsible for the Company's human resources strategy and operations; talent management; inclusion; safety; and compensation and benefits. She will join the executive leadership team reporting to THOR President and Chief Executive Officer Bob Martin. Ms. McDermott brings more than 25 years of experience in human resources leadership with large-scale, global enterprises and publicly traded companies. Most recently, she served as Executive Vice President and CHRO of Hub Group. Her previous leadership roles include positions of increasing responsibility at Assurance, National Express Group and United Service Companies. Ms. McDermott brings more than 25 years of experience in human resources leadership with large-scale, global enterprises and publicly traded companies. Most recently, she served as Executive Vice President and CHRO of Hub Group. Her previous leadership roles include positions of increasing responsibility at Assurance, National Express Group and United Service Companies. Upcoming Dividend • Dec 20
Upcoming dividend of US$0.48 per share at 1.6% yield Eligible shareholders must have bought the stock before 27 December 2023. Payment date: 11 January 2024. Payout ratio is a comfortable 33% and this is well supported by cash flows. Trailing yield: 1.6%. Lower than top quartile of British dividend payers (5.9%). Lower than average of industry peers (6.0%). Announcement • Dec 15
THOR Industries, Inc. Announces Regular Quarterly Dividend, Payable on January 11, 2024 THOR Industries, Inc. announced that its Board of Directors approved, at its December 14, 2023 meeting, the payment of a regular quarterly cash dividend of $0.48 per share. The regular cash dividend is payable on January 11, 2024, to shareholders of record at the close of business on December 28, 2023. Reported Earnings • Dec 07
First quarter 2024 earnings released: EPS: US$1.01 (vs US$2.54 in 1Q 2023) First quarter 2024 results: EPS: US$1.01 (down from US$2.54 in 1Q 2023). Revenue: US$2.50b (down 20% from 1Q 2023). Net income: US$53.6m (down 61% from 1Q 2023). Profit margin: 2.1% (down from 4.4% in 1Q 2023). The decrease in margin was driven by lower revenue. Revenue is forecast to grow 6.6% p.a. on average during the next 3 years, compared to a 4.5% growth forecast for the Auto industry in Europe. Over the last 3 years on average, earnings per share has increased by 4% per year whereas the company’s share price has increased by 5% per year. Announcement • Dec 06
THOR Industries, Inc. Reaffirms Consolidated Earnings Guidance for the Fiscal Year 2024 THOR Industries, Inc. reaffirmed consolidated earnings guidance for the fiscal year 2024. for the year, the company expects consolidated net sales in the range of $10.5 billion to $11.0 billion and diluted earnings per share in the range of $6.25 to $7.25. Announcement • Nov 23
THOR Industries, Inc. to Report Q1, 2024 Results on Dec 06, 2023 THOR Industries, Inc. announced that they will report Q1, 2024 results at 9:30 AM, US Eastern Standard Time on Dec 06, 2023 Announcement • Nov 22
THOR Industries Unveils EV Charging Station Concept Specifically for Electric RVs THOR Industries unveiled state-of-the-art 3-D renderings of an EV charging station concept designed to serve the comprehensive needs of electric recreational vehicles (eRVs), from small travel trailers towed by EVs to the largest Class A motorhomes, while enhancing an eRV traveler's outdoor experience and mindset. The concept illustrates THOR's efforts to support the development of pull-through eRV-compatible chargers in destinations popular with RV owners. THOR is pursing multiple initiatives to help deliver electric infrastructure to RVers across North America. In addition to the design and development of the charging station concept, the company is actively supporting the RV Industry Association's effort to encourage federal and state governments to invest in the installation of eRV-compatible stations. THOR believes every aspect of the eRV experience should be enjoyable, including charging. To that end, the concept charging station is a pristine, people-focused facility that encourages travelers to spend most of their charging time outside their vehicles. Different from traditional gas stations, the EV charging station concept incorporates beautiful natural landscaping, berms, trees and green spaces since EV charging stations doesn't store or handle fuel. Aspects of the concept charging station would also enhance charging infrastructure hosted by rural retailers, destination town governments and private campgrounds. Key features of the concept include: Broad road access points to facilitate easy ingress and egress; Wide aisles between the pull-through charger islands; Ample room to maneuver a large motorized eRV or an EV car/truck towing an RV; Visitor amenities including restrooms, play areas and picnic areas; Natural landscaping, including berms, trees and green spaces; Sustainability features, including recycling containers, a rain harvesting system, and solar panels on the charger shelter roofs. Announcement • Nov 02
THOR Industries, Inc., Annual General Meeting, Dec 15, 2023 THOR Industries, Inc., Annual General Meeting, Dec 15, 2023, at 09:00 Eastern Standard Time. Agenda: To consider Elect the Directors named in the Proxy Statement; to consider Ratify the appointment of the independent registered public accounting firm; to consider Vote, on an advisory basis, on the Frequency of holding the “Say on Pay” vote; to consider Vote, on an advisory basis, to approve the Named Executive Officer compensation; and to consider Transact such other business as may properly come before the Meeting. Upcoming Dividend • Oct 24
Upcoming dividend of US$0.48 per share at 2.1% yield Eligible shareholders must have bought the stock before 31 October 2023. Payment date: 10 November 2023. Payout ratio is a comfortable 26% and this is well supported by cash flows. Trailing yield: 2.1%. Lower than top quartile of British dividend payers (6.7%). Lower than average of industry peers (6.3%). Announcement • Oct 20
THOR Industries, Inc. Announces Resignation of Ken Julian, SVP of Administration and Human Resources THOR Industries, Inc. announced that on October 13, 2023, Mr. Ken Julian, the Company’s SVP of Administration and Human Resources, tendered his resignation to the Company “for good reason” as defined in his employment agreement. Mr. Julian’s last day of employment with the Company will be October 20, 2023. After reviewing the circumstances, the Board has determined Mr. Julian’s resignation was “for good reason” due to material diminution of Mr. Julian’s duties or responsibilities as provided in his employment agreement. Accordingly, the Company will pay the severance amounts provided under the employment agreement upon Mr. Julian’s execution of a release agreement in the form provided for in his employment agreement. Announcement • Oct 17
THOR Industries, Inc. Announces Retirement of Wilson Jones from Board of Directors, Effective December 15, 2023 THOR Industries, Inc. announced the retirement of Wilson Jones from its Board of Directors, effective December 15, 2023, following 9 years of dedicated service. Mr. Jones devoted most of his professional career to Oshkosh Corporation, a leading designer, manufacturer, and marketer of specialty vehicles and vehicle bodies. He joined Oshkosh in 2005 and held senior leadership positions in the Fire & Emergency segment and Access Equipment segment before being named President and Chief Executive Officer in January of 2016. Mr. Jones retired as Chief Executive Officer and board member of Oshkosh Corporation in April of 2021. Mr. Jones joined THOR’s Board of Directors in 2014, where he provided consistent and able counsel. Most recently, he servedas Chairman of the Company’s Compensation & Development Committee and as a member of the the Environmental, Social, Governance & Nomination Committee. THOR’s Board of Directors has engaged a search firm to identify and retain a suitable replacement for Mr. Jones and expects to name a replacement some time during the the first calendar quarter of 2024. Announcement • Oct 11
THOR Industries, Inc. Announces 7% Increase in Its Regular Quarterly Dividend, Payable on November 10, 2023 THOR Industries, Inc. announced that its Board of Directors approved, at its October 10, 2023 meeting, an increase in the amount of THOR’s regular quarterly dividend to $0.48 per share from $0.45 per share, an increase of approximately 7%. The regular cash dividend is payable on November 10, 2023, to shareholders of record at the close of business on November 1, 2023. Reported Earnings • Sep 26
Full year 2023 earnings released: EPS: US$7.00 (vs US$20.67 in FY 2022) Full year 2023 results: EPS: US$7.00 (down from US$20.67 in FY 2022). Revenue: US$11.1b (down 32% from FY 2022). Net income: US$374.3m (down 67% from FY 2022). Profit margin: 3.4% (down from 7.0% in FY 2022). The decrease in margin was driven by lower revenue. Revenue is forecast to grow 3.5% p.a. on average during the next 3 years, compared to a 5.2% growth forecast for the Auto industry in Europe. Announcement • Sep 26
THOR Industries, Inc. Provides Earnings Guidance for the Fiscal Year 2024 THOR Industries, Inc. provided earnings guidance for the fiscal year 2024. For the fiscal year 2024, the company expected consolidated net sales in the range of $10.5 billion to $11.0 billion. Consolidated gross profit margin in the range of 14.5% to 15.0%. Diluted earnings per share in the range of $6.25 to $7.25. Announcement • Sep 13
THOR Industries, Inc. to Report Q4, 2023 Results on Sep 25, 2023 THOR Industries, Inc. announced that they will report Q4, 2023 results After-Market on Sep 25, 2023 Announcement • Aug 03
Thor Industries, Inc. Announces Executive Appointments THOR Industries, Inc. announced a change in key leadership positions at several of its operating companies. Effective August 1, 2023, Ryan Juday will assume the role of President of KZ Recreational Vehicles and Kyle Kwasny will assume the role of President of Heartland RV. Both Juday, who has been with THOR for 23 years, and Kwasny, who is a 19-year industry veteran, are seasoned leaders with proven track records. Juday most recently served as President of THOR operating company Heartland RV and Kwasny most recently served as President of THOR operating company Dutchmen RV. The depth and experience of the leadership teams across the THOR family of companies sets apart from the rest of the RV industry and positions us to make essential moves when its in the best interest of the operating companies and their dealers to do so, stated Bob Martin, THOR President and CEO. Experience and fit within an organization are essential to long term success in industry. These two moves mark an important step in aligning two of talented leaders with the vison of each of operating companies. When KZ tragically lost its President, Aram Koltookian, it required a comprehensive evaluation of talent across the enterprise to find the best leader for KZs future. Ryan Juday is that leader, Martin continued. Ryan is a proven winner and has been a key leader at THOR since he rose to a leadership position at THOR operating company Keystone RV, and ultimately became President at Heartland RV. Ryans leadership is ideally suited for KZ because of its strong history of nurturing long-term relationships with key dealer partners and building quality products. Kyle Kwasny has done an outstanding job building industry-leading brands at Dutchmen RV, while staying focused on quality, shared Martin. Kyles data-driven approach to the long-term success of the business makes him the ideal candidate to lead the Heartland RV Company which includes Heartland RV, DRV, and CRV, explained Martin. Dutchmen RV will continue to operate as a division of Keystone RV and will be led by Keystone RVs President, Jeff Runnels. Each one of family of companies is at a different stage in their operational journey. One of the strengths of THOR is great team members and ability to place the right talent in the right position, at the right time. Combined, these moves position companies to excel into the future, concluded Martin. Recent Insider Transactions • Jul 22
Insider recently sold US$1.1m worth of stock On the 18th of July, Kenneth Julian sold around 10k shares on-market at roughly US$111 per share. This transaction amounted to 25% of their direct individual holding at the time of the trade. This was the largest sale by an insider in the last 3 months. Despite this recent sale, insiders have collectively bought US$343k more than they sold in the last 12 months. Upcoming Dividend • Jun 29
Upcoming dividend of US$0.45 per share at 1.8% yield Eligible shareholders must have bought the stock before 06 July 2023. Payment date: 21 July 2023. Payout ratio is a comfortable 17% and this is well supported by cash flows. Trailing yield: 1.8%. Lower than top quartile of British dividend payers (6.0%). Lower than average of industry peers (5.6%). Announcement • Jun 23
THOR Industries, Inc. Announces Regular Quarterly Dividend, Payable on July 21, 2023 THOR Industries, Inc. announced that its Board of Directors approved, at its June 22, 2023 meeting, the payment of a regular quarterly cash dividend of $0.45 per share. The regular cash dividend is payable on July 21, 2023, to shareholders of record at the close of business on July 7, 2023. Announcement • Jun 07
THOR Industries, Inc. Provides Earnings Guidance for the Full Year 2023 THOR Industries, Inc. provided earnings guidance for the full year 2023. For the period, the company expects consolidated net sales in the range of $10.5 billion to $11.0 billion(previously $10.5 billion to $11.5 billion). Diluted earnings per share in the range of $5.80 to $6.50 (previously $5.50 to $6.50). Reported Earnings • Jun 07
Third quarter 2023 earnings released: EPS: US$2.26 (vs US$6.34 in 3Q 2022) Third quarter 2023 results: EPS: US$2.26 (down from US$6.34 in 3Q 2022). Revenue: US$2.93b (down 37% from 3Q 2022). Net income: US$120.7m (down 65% from 3Q 2022). Profit margin: 4.1% (down from 7.5% in 3Q 2022). The decrease in margin was driven by lower revenue. Revenue is forecast to stay flat during the next 3 years compared to a 3.7% growth forecast for the Auto industry in Europe. Announcement • May 25
THOR Industries, Inc. to Report Q3, 2023 Results on Jun 06, 2023 THOR Industries, Inc. announced that they will report Q3, 2023 results at 9:30 AM, US Eastern Standard Time on Jun 06, 2023 Upcoming Dividend • Apr 04
Upcoming dividend of US$0.45 per share at 2.3% yield Eligible shareholders must have bought the stock before 11 April 2023. Payment date: 26 April 2023. Payout ratio is a comfortable 12% and this is well supported by cash flows. Trailing yield: 2.3%. Lower than top quartile of British dividend payers (5.9%). Lower than average of industry peers (7.2%). Reported Earnings • Mar 08
Second quarter 2023 earnings released: EPS: US$0.51 (vs US$4.80 in 2Q 2022) Second quarter 2023 results: EPS: US$0.51 (down from US$4.80 in 2Q 2022). Revenue: US$2.35b (down 39% from 2Q 2022). Net income: US$27.1m (down 90% from 2Q 2022). Profit margin: 1.2% (down from 6.9% in 2Q 2022). The decrease in margin was driven by lower revenue. Revenue is forecast to grow 2.5% p.a. on average during the next 3 years, compared to a 2.6% growth forecast for the Auto industry in Europe. Valuation Update With 7 Day Price Move • Feb 02
Investor sentiment improves as stock rises 16% After last week's 16% share price gain to US$103, the stock trades at a forward P/E ratio of 13x. Average forward P/E is 8x in the Auto industry in Europe. Total returns to shareholders of 11% over the past year. Simply Wall St's valuation model estimates the intrinsic value at US$86.56 per share. Valuation Update With 7 Day Price Move • Jan 09
Investor sentiment improved over the past week After last week's 17% share price gain to US$87.95, the stock trades at a forward P/E ratio of 11x. Average forward P/E is 8x in the Auto industry in Europe. Total loss to shareholders of 13% over the past year. Simply Wall St's valuation model estimates the intrinsic value at US$88.67 per share. Upcoming Dividend • Dec 22
Upcoming dividend of US$0.45 per share Eligible shareholders must have bought the stock before 29 December 2022. Payment date: 13 January 2023. Payout ratio is a comfortable 9.2% and this is well supported by cash flows. Trailing yield: 2.3%. Lower than top quartile of British dividend payers (5.8%). Lower than average of industry peers (7.0%). Reported Earnings • Dec 08
First quarter 2023 earnings released: EPS: US$2.54 (vs US$4.37 in 1Q 2022) First quarter 2023 results: EPS: US$2.54 (down from US$4.37 in 1Q 2022). Revenue: US$3.11b (down 22% from 1Q 2022). Net income: US$136.2m (down 44% from 1Q 2022). Profit margin: 4.4% (down from 6.1% in 1Q 2022). The decrease in margin was driven by lower revenue. Revenue is expected to decline by 9.1% p.a. on average during the next 3 years, while revenues in the Auto industry in Europe are expected to grow by 3.3%. Upcoming Dividend • Oct 18
Upcoming dividend of US$0.45 per share Eligible shareholders must have bought the stock before 25 October 2022. Payment date: 09 November 2022. Payout ratio is a comfortable 8.3% and this is well supported by cash flows. Trailing yield: 2.3%. Lower than top quartile of British dividend payers (6.2%). Lower than average of industry peers (7.4%). Recent Insider Transactions • Oct 08
Co-Founder & Chairman Emeritus recently bought US$1.5m worth of stock On the 5th of October, Peter Orthwein bought around 20k shares on-market at roughly US$72.50 per share. This transaction amounted to 1.0% of their direct individual holding at the time of the trade. This was the largest purchase by an insider in the last 3 months. Peter has been a buyer over the last 12 months, purchasing a net total of US$4.4m worth in shares. Reported Earnings • Sep 30
Full year 2022 earnings released: EPS: US$20.67 (vs US$11.93 in FY 2021) Full year 2022 results: EPS: US$20.67 (up from US$11.93 in FY 2021). Revenue: US$16.3b (up 32% from FY 2021). Net income: US$1.14b (up 72% from FY 2021). Profit margin: 7.0% (up from 5.4% in FY 2021). The increase in margin was driven by higher revenue. Revenue is expected to decline by 18% p.a. on average during the next 3 years, while revenues in the Auto industry in Europe are expected to grow by 3.6%. Buying Opportunity • Sep 23
Now 25% undervalued after recent price drop Over the last 90 days, the stock is down 12%. The fair value is estimated to be US$91.21, however this is not to be taken as a buy recommendation but rather should be used as a guide only. Revenue has grown by 27% over the last 3 years. Earnings per share has grown by 71%. For the next 3 years, revenue is forecast to decline by 17% per annum. Earnings is also forecast to decline by 40% per annum over the same time period. Recent Insider Transactions • Jul 14
Senior VP & COO recently bought US$100k worth of stock On the 12th of July, W. Woelfer bought around 1k shares on-market at roughly US$81.55 per share. In the last 3 months, there was an even bigger purchase from another insider worth US$750k. This was W.'s only on-market trade for the last 12 months. Recent Insider Transactions • Jul 02
Co-Founder & Chairman Emeritus recently bought US$228k worth of stock On the 29th of June, Peter Orthwein bought around 3k shares on-market at roughly US$76.00 per share. In the last 3 months, there was an even bigger purchase from another insider worth US$805k. Peter has been a buyer over the last 12 months, purchasing a net total of US$3.0m worth in shares. Buying Opportunity • Jul 01
Now 20% undervalued after recent price drop Over the last 90 days, the stock is down 5.3%. The fair value is estimated to be US$92.78, however this is not to be taken as a buy recommendation but rather should be used as a guide only. Revenue has grown by 27% over the last 3 years. Earnings per share has grown by 71%. For the next 3 years, revenue is forecast to decline by 17% per annum. Earnings is also forecast to decline by 41% per annum over the same time period. 
