Live News • Jun 13
Volvo Targets Fully Driverless Trucks in US by 2027 With $3 Billion Revenue Goal Volvo Autonomous Solutions plans to remove safety drivers from its autonomous trucks and begin fully driverless operations on U.S. highways in Q1 2027.
The company targets more than 300 autonomous trucks in operation by the end of 2027.
Management expects revenue from the autonomous business to approach about $3 billion within five years, with industrial scaling set to begin in 2028.
This move signals that AB Volvo is pushing its autonomous trucking program toward commercial scale, with a clear timeline for when the business could start to matter more in the overall revenue mix.
Investors may want to watch how Volvo manages regulatory approvals, safety performance and capital spending for this rollout, since those factors could influence both the pace and profitability of the autonomous segment. Live News • Jun 04
Volvo Marks Major Milestone With Autonomous Haulage at Boliden Mining Site Volvo Autonomous Solutions and mining group Boliden have completed an autonomous transport project at Boliden's Garpenberg site in Sweden.
The project, part of a 2023 Memorandum of Understanding between the companies, represents the first major step in their collaboration.
Volvo’s autonomous haulage system transported close to 700,000 tonnes of material, indicating that the solution can run at scale in a live customer operation.
This milestone reflects real-world adoption of Volvo’s autonomous transport offering beyond pilots, with a major industrial customer using the system in day-to-day operations.
For investors, the Garpenberg project highlights how Volvo is expanding into automation and services around its core equipment, while also illustrating that autonomous haulage can operate in demanding mining environments. Announcement • May 13
Volvo Trucks Launches All-New Combustion Engine Platform Volvo Trucks announced most fuel-efficient engines ever are here - two all-new 13-liter engines ready for renewable diesel and gas fuel types, including future hydrogen applications. Both are based on Volvo's latest in-house developed engine platform. Volvo Trucks launches an all-new engine platform made for a range of alternative fuels. The combustion engine continues to play an important role in Volvo Truck's driveline strategy and its new engines offer an attractive combination of more power, lower fuel consumption, lower emissions, lower noise and improved drivability. The new engine can deliver up to 4% lower fuel consumption versus the engine it is replacing, when using the benefits of the new engine in combination with Volvo Trucks' latest fuel-saving innovations that will now become available to more customers. Volvo Trucks has developed new engines that will cater for a wide variety of needs and conditions and the new engines will also meet or exceed the requirements of new legislation such as emission and noise levels. With a constant focus on improving fuel efficiency, Volvo Trucks has developed one of the most fuel-efficient engine generations available on the market. Launched in early 2024, the Volvo Aero range cuts fuel consumption by up to 5% compared with the previous model, while the all-new in-house developed engines will deliver further fuel savings of up to 4% across a wide range of applications and segments. The new platform comes with a refined engine brake functionality for increased drivability, new cylinder and turbo designs as well as an updated version of Volvo's appreciated I-Shift transmission. Both the diesel and gas versions will also offer significantly higher torque levels. Many variants of the diesel version of the new engine are compatible with Volvo Trucks' I-Roll with engine stop/start functionality, which means that more customers can benefit from saving fuel and emissions by being able to turn off the engine and roll downhill. Volvo Trucks drives the transition towards fossil-free transport to reach its net-zero emissions target by 2040 using a three-path technology strategy. The approach is built on battery electric, fuel cell electric and combustion engines that run on renewable fuels like green hydrogen, biogas (bio-LNG), biodiesel, and HVO (hydrotreated vegetable oil). The new engine platform is ready for alternative fuels such as biodiesel/B100, HVO, biogas/bio-LNG and green hydrogen. The D13 engine will come with 380-560hp of power and 1,800-2,900Nm of torque. The G13 version has 420-500hp and 2,400-2,800Nm. The new Euro6 engines fulfil the new legal requirements NNR3 (New Noise Regulation Phase 3), and are built for legislation to come in the future. They will be offered in the Volvo FM, FMX, FH and FH Aero models. Sales will begin during the third quarter of 2026. The new engines will be launched step by step globally with the first markets being Europe, Morocco, Turkey and India, later followed by North and Latin America, Asia and Africa. The new engines will initially be produced in Skövde, Sweden and the trucks are assembled in Tuve, Sweden and Ghent, Belgium. Reported Earnings • Apr 26
First quarter 2026 earnings: EPS misses analyst expectations First quarter 2026 results: EPS: kr4.09 (down from kr4.87 in 1Q 2025). Revenue: kr110.8b (down 9.1% from 1Q 2025). Net income: kr8.32b (down 16% from 1Q 2025). Profit margin: 7.5% (down from 8.1% in 1Q 2025). The decrease in margin was driven by lower revenue. Revenue was in line with analyst estimates. Earnings per share (EPS) missed analyst estimates by 3.3%. Revenue is forecast to grow 5.4% p.a. on average during the next 3 years, compared to a 6.0% growth forecast for the Machinery industry in Sweden. Over the last 3 years on average, earnings per share has fallen by 7% per year but the company’s share price has increased by 15% per year, which means it is well ahead of earnings. Announcement • Apr 02
Volvo Trucks Begins On-Road Testing of Hydrogen Combustion Engine Trucks Volvo is taking another step towards net-zero CO2 emissions transport by starting on-road trials of heavy trucks with combustion engines powered by hydrogen. Volvo's hydrogen-powered trucks will have industry-leading performance with higher energy efficiency, lower fuel consumption and increased engine power compared to conventional hydrogen combustion engine technology. This is due to High Pressure Direct Injection (HPDI), a technology where a small amount of ignition fuel is injected with high pressure to enable compression ignition before hydrogen is added. Volvo is already using this technology in its gas-powered trucks, with more than 10,000 units sold globally. Hydrogen combustion engine trucks will be especially suitable over longer distances and in regions where there is limited charging infrastructure or time for recharging of battery-electric trucks. Volvo trucks with combustion engines powered by green hydrogen have the potential to deliver net zero CO2 well-to-wheel when using renewable HVO as ignition fuel. They are categorized as 'Zero Emission Vehicles' (ZEV) under the agreed EU CO2 emission standards. Volvo's advanced hydrogen engine technology is derived from its diesel powertrain, delivering diesel-like performance while substantially cutting CO2 emissions. The hydrogen-powered combustion engine trucks will complement the company's offering of other alternatives, such as battery electric trucks, fuel cell electric trucks and trucks that run on renewable fuels, like biogas and HVO (Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil). Volvo Trucks' hydrogen-powered trucks will use the fuel-efficient HPDI (High Pressure Direct Injection) technology from Cespira. Hydrogen-powered Volvo trucks will have an operational range exceeding many customers' daily driving distance. Due to the low CO2 emissions from hydrogen combustion, these trucks are categorized as 'Zero Emission Vehicles' under the agreed EU CO2 emission standards. Hydrogen can also be used to power fuel cell electric trucks, where electricity is produced on board the truck. Fuel cell electric trucks do not emit any tailpipe emissions, only water vapor. Volvo plans to launch fuel cell electric trucks in low volumes before 2030. Volvo Trucks' three-path strategy to reach net-zero emissions consists of battery-electric, fuel-cell electric, and combustion engines using renewable fuels. Upcoming Dividend • Apr 02
Upcoming dividend of kr13.00 per share Eligible shareholders must have bought the stock before 09 April 2026. Payment date: 15 April 2026. Payout ratio is a comfortable 50% but the company is paying out more than the cash it is generating. Trailing yield: 4.2%. Lower than top quartile of Swedish dividend payers (4.3%). Higher than average of industry peers (2.4%). Reported Earnings • Mar 02
Full year 2025 earnings: Revenues and EPS in line with analyst expectations Full year 2025 results: EPS: kr16.95 (down from kr24.78 in FY 2024). Revenue: kr479.2b (down 9.0% from FY 2024). Net income: kr34.5b (down 32% from FY 2024). Profit margin: 7.2% (down from 9.6% in FY 2024). The decrease in margin was driven by lower revenue. Revenue was in line with analyst estimates. Earnings per share (EPS) were also in line with analyst expectations. Revenue is forecast to grow 4.2% p.a. on average during the next 3 years, compared to a 5.3% growth forecast for the Machinery industry in Sweden. Over the last 3 years on average, earnings per share has remained flat but the company’s share price has increased by 17% per year, which means it is well ahead of earnings. Announcement • Feb 23
Renault SA (ENXTPA:RNO) signed a binding agreement to acquire remaining 55% stake in Flexis SAS from AB Volvo (publ) (OM:VOLV B) and CMA CGM S.A. Renault SA (ENXTPA:RNO) signed a binding agreement to acquire remaining 55% stake in Flexis SAS from AB Volvo (publ) (OM:VOLV B) and CMA CGM S.A. on February 23, 2026. The agreement provides for Renault Group to acquire Volvo Group’s and CMA CGM Group’s respective stakes in Flexis (45% and 10%). Under this agreement, Renault Group will acquire full ownership of Flexis and carry the project through to completion, which will remain firmly rooted in France.
It could become effective by the end of the first half of 2026, subject to approval by the competition authorities. This agreement remains subject to the completion of all regulatory approval processes. Declared Dividend • Jan 30
Dividend of kr13.00 announced Shareholders will receive a dividend of kr13.00. Ex-date: 9th April 2026 Payment date: 15th April 2026 Dividend yield will be 4.0%, which is higher than the industry average of 3.1%. Sustainability & Growth Dividend is covered by earnings (50% earnings payout ratio) but not covered by cash flows (136% cash payout ratio). The dividend has increased by an average of 16% per year over the past 10 years. However, payments have been volatile during that time. EPS is expected to grow by 40% over the next 3 years, which should provide support to the dividend and adequate earnings cover. Reported Earnings • Jan 29
Full year 2025 earnings: Revenues and EPS in line with analyst expectations Full year 2025 results: EPS: kr16.95 (down from kr24.79 in FY 2024). Revenue: kr479.2b (down 9.0% from FY 2024). Net income: kr34.5b (down 32% from FY 2024). Profit margin: 7.2% (down from 9.6% in FY 2024). The decrease in margin was driven by lower revenue. Revenue was in line with analyst estimates. Earnings per share (EPS) were also in line with analyst expectations. Revenue is forecast to grow 3.9% p.a. on average during the next 3 years, compared to a 5.1% growth forecast for the Machinery industry in Sweden. Over the last 3 years on average, earnings per share has remained flat but the company’s share price has increased by 15% per year, which means it is well ahead of earnings. Announcement • Jan 29
AB Volvo (publ), Annual General Meeting, Apr 08, 2026 AB Volvo (publ), Annual General Meeting, Apr 08, 2026. Recent Insider Transactions • Dec 01
Chairman recently bought kr302m worth of stock On the 24th of November, Par Boman bought around 1m shares on-market at roughly kr274 per share. This transaction amounted to less than 1% of their direct individual holding at the time of the trade. In the last 3 months, there was an even bigger purchase from another insider worth kr482m. This was Par's only on-market trade for the last 12 months. Recent Insider Transactions • Oct 23
Director recently bought kr482m worth of stock On the 20th of October, Helena Stjernholm bought around 2m shares on-market at roughly kr254 per share. This transaction increased Helena's direct individual holding by 1x at the time of the trade. This was the largest purchase by an insider in the last 3 months. Insiders have collectively bought kr1.3b more in shares than they have sold in the last 12 months. Reported Earnings • Oct 20
Third quarter 2025 earnings: EPS misses analyst expectations Third quarter 2025 results: EPS: kr3.71 (down from kr4.93 in 3Q 2024). Revenue: kr110.7b (down 5.4% from 3Q 2024). Net income: kr7.54b (down 25% from 3Q 2024). Profit margin: 6.8% (down from 8.6% in 3Q 2024). The decrease in margin was driven by lower revenue. Revenue was in line with analyst estimates. Earnings per share (EPS) missed analyst estimates by 12%. Revenue is forecast to grow 4.0% p.a. on average during the next 3 years, compared to a 4.6% growth forecast for the Machinery industry in Sweden. Over the last 3 years on average, earnings per share has increased by 6% per year but the company’s share price has increased by 13% per year, which means it is tracking significantly ahead of earnings growth. Announcement • Oct 03
Volvo Group Announces Executive Board Changes, Effective November 1, 2025 Volvo Group announced that after ten years of service, Bruno Blin, has decided to step down from his role as member of the Volvo Group Executive Board. He will be replaced by Antoine Duclaux, currently Senior Vice President Renault Trucks International. Bruno Blin has played a pivotal role in Renault Truck's profitability journey and has been an early advocate for advancing sustainable transport solutions. Going forward, he will remain with the Volvo Group, contributing to various strategic projects. Bruno Blin will be succeeded by Antoine Duclaux, currently leading the Renault Trucks international division. Antoine Duclaux has extensive experience in the transportation and construction industries, having held several leadership roles at Volvo Group and Holcim. The transition will take effect on November 1, 2025. Recent Insider Transactions • Jul 25
Director recently bought kr396m worth of stock On the 21st of July, Helena Stjernholm bought around 2m shares on-market at roughly kr264 per share. This transaction increased Helena's direct individual holding by 188x at the time of the trade. This was the largest purchase by an insider in the last 3 months. Insiders have collectively bought kr822m more in shares than they have sold in the last 12 months. Reported Earnings • Jul 18
Second quarter 2025 earnings: Revenues exceed analyst expectations Second quarter 2025 results: Revenue: kr122.9b (down 12% from 2Q 2024). Net income: kr7.41b (down 52% from 2Q 2024). Profit margin: 6.0% (down from 11% in 2Q 2024). The decrease in margin was driven by lower revenue. Revenue exceeded analyst estimates by 2.5%. Revenue is forecast to grow 3.8% p.a. on average during the next 3 years, compared to a 4.5% growth forecast for the Machinery industry in Sweden. Over the last 3 years on average, earnings per share has increased by 18% per year whereas the company’s share price has increased by 14% per year. Announcement • Jul 17
AB Volvo (publ) to Report Q4, 2025 Results on Jan 28, 2026 AB Volvo (publ) announced that they will report Q4, 2025 results on Jan 28, 2026 Announcement • Jun 27
Volvo Group Announces Changes to Its Executive Board Volvo Group announced that Lars Stenqvist, a member of the Volvo Group Executive Board and Group Chief Technology Officer, has decided to step down from his current role after nine years of service and will continue in the Group as a senior leader. He will be replaced by Jens Holtinger, who is currently a member of the Executive Board and Executive Vice President Group Trucks Operations. Lars Stenqvist has held his current role for nine years and has played a vital part in the journey towards more sustainable transport solutions. Jens Holtinger, who will succeed Lars Stenqvist, has had a number of leadership roles during his more than 25 years in the Volvo Group. In addition to his current role as Executive Vice President Group Trucks Operations, he has also been responsible for truck manufacturing in Europe and Brazil as well as various truck production plants. The transition will take effect on September 1, 2025. Recent Insider Transactions • Apr 30
Independent Director recently bought kr1.0m worth of stock On the 24th of April, Kurt Jofs bought around 4k shares on-market at roughly kr250 per share. This transaction amounted to 7.4% of their direct individual holding at the time of the trade. This was the largest purchase by an insider in the last 3 months. Insiders have collectively bought kr396m more in shares than they have sold in the last 12 months. Major Estimate Revision • Apr 30
Consensus EPS estimates fall by 11% The consensus outlook for earnings per share (EPS) in fiscal year 2025 has deteriorated. 2025 revenue forecast decreased from kr516.4b to kr505.8b. EPS estimate also fell from kr23.56 per share to kr20.93 per share. Net income forecast to shrink 4.6% next year vs 12% growth forecast for Machinery industry in Sweden . Consensus price target down from kr321 to kr313. Share price rose 5.3% to kr264 over the past week. Recent Insider Transactions • Apr 27
Independent Director recently bought kr1.0m worth of stock On the 24th of April, Kurt Jofs bought around 4k shares on-market at roughly kr250 per share. This transaction amounted to 7.4% of their direct individual holding at the time of the trade. This was the largest purchase by an insider in the last 3 months. Insiders have collectively bought kr394m more in shares than they have sold in the last 12 months. Reported Earnings • Apr 23
First quarter 2025 earnings: EPS and revenues miss analyst expectations First quarter 2025 results: EPS: kr4.87 (down from kr6.93 in 1Q 2024). Revenue: kr121.8b (down 7.2% from 1Q 2024). Net income: kr9.89b (down 30% from 1Q 2024). Profit margin: 8.1% (down from 11% in 1Q 2024). The decrease in margin was driven by lower revenue. Revenue missed analyst estimates by 3.6%. Earnings per share (EPS) also missed analyst estimates by 11%. Revenue is forecast to grow 3.1% p.a. on average during the next 3 years, compared to a 3.9% growth forecast for the Machinery industry in Sweden. Over the last 3 years on average, earnings per share has increased by 18% per year whereas the company’s share price has increased by 17% per year. Valuation Update With 7 Day Price Move • Apr 03
Investor sentiment deteriorates as stock falls 17% After last week's 17% share price decline to kr256, the stock trades at a forward P/E ratio of 11x. Average forward P/E is 17x in the Machinery industry in Sweden. Total returns to shareholders of 99% over the past three years. Simply Wall St's valuation model estimates the intrinsic value at kr433 per share. Upcoming Dividend • Mar 27
Upcoming dividend of kr18.50 per share Eligible shareholders must have bought the stock before 03 April 2025. Payment date: 09 April 2025. Payout ratio is a comfortable 32% but the company is paying out more than the cash it is generating. Trailing yield: 6.0%. Within top quartile of Swedish dividend payers (4.1%). Higher than average of industry peers (3.0%). Reported Earnings • Mar 03
Full year 2024 earnings: Revenues and EPS in line with analyst expectations Full year 2024 results: EPS: kr24.79 (up from kr24.51 in FY 2023). Revenue: kr526.8b (down 4.6% from FY 2023). Net income: kr50.4b (up 1.1% from FY 2023). Profit margin: 9.6% (in line with FY 2023). Revenue was in line with analyst estimates. Earnings per share (EPS) were also in line with analyst expectations. Revenue is forecast to grow 2.7% p.a. on average during the next 3 years, compared to a 4.8% growth forecast for the Machinery industry in Sweden. Over the last 3 years on average, earnings per share has increased by 21% per year but the company’s share price has increased by 27% per year, which means it is tracking significantly ahead of earnings growth. Declared Dividend • Jan 31
Dividend increased to kr18.50 Dividend of kr18.50 is 2.8% higher than last year. Ex-date: 3rd April 2025 Payment date: 9th April 2025 Dividend yield will be 6.0%, which is higher than the industry average of 3.1%. Sustainability & Growth Dividend is covered by earnings (32% earnings payout ratio) but not covered by cash flows (134% cash payout ratio). The dividend has increased by an average of 20% per year over the past 10 years. However, payments have been volatile during that time. EPS is expected to grow by 13% over the next 3 years, which should provide support to the dividend and adequate earnings cover. Reported Earnings • Jan 30
Full year 2024 earnings: Revenues and EPS in line with analyst expectations Full year 2024 results: EPS: kr24.78 (up from kr24.51 in FY 2023). Revenue: kr526.8b (down 4.7% from FY 2023). Net income: kr50.4b (up 1.1% from FY 2023). Profit margin: 9.6% (in line with FY 2023). Revenue was in line with analyst estimates. Earnings per share (EPS) were also in line with analyst expectations. Revenue is forecast to grow 3.2% p.a. on average during the next 3 years, compared to a 4.6% growth forecast for the Machinery industry in Sweden. Over the last 3 years on average, earnings per share has increased by 21% per year but the company’s share price has only increased by 15% per year, which means it is significantly lagging earnings growth. Announcement • Jan 30
AB Volvo (Publ) Proposes Extra Dividend The Board of Directors of AB Volvo (publ) proposed an extra dividend of SEK 10.50 per share. Announcement • Dec 10
AB Volvo (publ) to Report Fiscal Year 2024 Results on Feb 27, 2025 AB Volvo (publ) announced that they will report fiscal year 2024 results on Feb 27, 2025 Recent Insider Transactions • Nov 24
Director recently bought kr396m worth of stock On the 21st of November, Helena Stjernholm bought around 2m shares on-market at roughly kr264 per share. This transaction increased Helena's direct individual holding by 188x at the time of the trade. This was the largest purchase by an insider in the last 3 months. Insiders have collectively bought kr705m more in shares than they have sold in the last 12 months. Recent Insider Transactions • Oct 24
Executive VP recently sold kr1.2m worth of stock On the 18th of October, Scott Rafkin sold around 5k shares on-market at roughly kr268 per share. This transaction amounted to 7.8% of their direct individual holding at the time of the trade. This was the largest sale by an insider in the last 3 months. Despite this recent sale, insiders have collectively bought kr309m more than they sold in the last 12 months. Reported Earnings • Oct 19
Third quarter 2024 earnings: EPS and revenues miss analyst expectations Third quarter 2024 results: EPS: kr4.93 (down from kr6.93 in 3Q 2023). Revenue: kr117.0b (down 12% from 3Q 2023). Net income: kr10.0b (down 29% from 3Q 2023). Profit margin: 8.6% (down from 11% in 3Q 2023). The decrease in margin was driven by lower revenue. Revenue missed analyst estimates by 3.4%. Earnings per share (EPS) also missed analyst estimates by 12%. Revenue is forecast to grow 2.0% p.a. on average during the next 3 years, compared to a 4.2% growth forecast for the Machinery industry in Sweden. Over the last 3 years on average, earnings per share has increased by 21% per year but the company’s share price has only increased by 11% per year, which means it is significantly lagging earnings growth. Announcement • Oct 01
Volvo Group Announces Resignation of Joachim Rosenberg as Member of the Volvo Group Executive Board, EVP Strategic Initiatives and President of Volvo Energy After many years of service Joachim Rosenberg has decided to resign from his role as member of the Volvo Group Executive Board, EVP Strategic Initiatives and President of Volvo Energy. His managerial assignments within the Group will be distributed to other members of the Volvo Group Executive Board. Joachim Rosenberg has been with the Volvo Group for 20 years and has served as member of the Volvo Group Executive Board for 13 years. Joachim Rosenberg resigns as of October 1, 2024. Buy Or Sell Opportunity • Sep 20
Now 21% undervalued after recent price drop Over the last 90 days, the stock has fallen 2.4% to kr262. The fair value is estimated to be kr329, however this is not to be taken as a buy recommendation but rather should be used as a guide only. Revenue has grown by 17% over the last 3 years. Earnings per share has grown by 20%. For the next 3 years, revenue is forecast to grow by 1.3% per annum. Earnings are forecast to decline by 0.6% per annum over the same time period. New Risk • Sep 09
New major risk - Revenue and earnings growth Earnings are forecast to decline by an average of 0.2% per year for the foreseeable future. This is considered a major risk. Ultimately, shareholders want to see a good return on their investment and that generally comes from sharing in the company's profits. If profits are expected to decline, then in most cases the share price will decline over time as well. In addition, if the company pays dividends it will also likely need to reduce or cut them, striking a dual blow to total shareholder returns. Currently, the following risks have been identified for the company: Major Risks Debt is not well covered by operating cash flow (16% operating cash flow to total debt). Earnings are forecast to decline by an average of 0.2% per year for the foreseeable future. Minor Risk Dividend is not well covered by cash flows (326% cash payout ratio). Announcement • Sep 03
Volvo Announces to Launch Electric Truck with 600 Km Range Volvo Trucks announced to launch a new long-range version of its FH Electric that will be able to reach up to 600 km on one charge. This will allow transport companies to operate electric trucks on interregional and long-distance routes and to drive a full working day without having to recharge. The new Volvo FH Electric will be released for sale during the second half of 2025. The enabler for the 600 km range is Volvo's new driveline technology, the so-called e-axle, which creates space for significantly more battery capacity onboard. More efficient batteries, a further improved battery management system and overall efficiency of the powertrain also contribute to the extended range. Volvo Trucks drives the transition towards fossil-free transport to reach its net-zero emissions target by 2040 using a three-path technology strategy. The three-path technology approach is built on battery electric, fuel cell electric and combustion engines that run on renewable fuels like green hydrogen, biogas or HVO (Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil). Reported Earnings • Jul 19
Second quarter 2024 earnings: EPS and revenues exceed analyst expectations Second quarter 2024 results: EPS: kr7.65 (up from kr5.30 in 2Q 2023). Revenue: kr140.2b (flat on 2Q 2023). Net income: kr15.6b (up 44% from 2Q 2023). Profit margin: 11% (up from 7.7% in 2Q 2023). Revenue exceeded analyst estimates by 5.4%. Earnings per share (EPS) also surpassed analyst estimates by 8.9%. Revenue is forecast to grow 1.8% p.a. on average during the next 3 years, compared to a 4.3% growth forecast for the Machinery industry in Sweden. Over the last 3 years on average, earnings per share has increased by 20% per year but the company’s share price has only increased by 10% per year, which means it is significantly lagging earnings growth.