Specialized Sector Valuation: Residual Income (RI) ModelYou pointed out the importance of fair value assuming a 3-year horizon based on Residual Income. This is the most accurate sectoral model for utilities, calculated as follows:$$V_0 = BV_0 + \sum_{t=1}^{n} \frac{NI_t - (r_e \times BV_{t-1})}{(1 + r_e)^t}$$ Where:$BV_0$: Current Book Value per share (~19.5 SAR).$NI_t$: Expected Net Income.$r_e$: Target Cost of Equity, assumed at 8.0% given the defensive nature of the company.Residual Income = Net Income - (Cost of Equity × Book Value).Application to SEC:Due to the Mudaraba instrument and regulatory constraints, the company's ROE is roughly 3.5% to 4.5%, which is lower than the Cost of Equity ($r_e = 8\%$).Since $ROE < r_e$, the "Residual Income" is technically negative. This is the precise scientific and logical explanation for why the stock currently trades at (16.73 SAR), which is below its book value (19.5 SAR). The market discounts this difference.Fair Value in 3 Years (2029):Expecting slight operational efficiency improvements (smart meters and green financing), and assuming ROE stabilizes at 5.5% while maintaining the fixed payout policy (0.70 SAR), the fair value calculated using the RI model for the next 3 years centers in the range of 17.80 to 18.50 SAR.

Set with the author's own calculation method

ZVRA Valuation: Sum-of-the-Parts (SOTP) AnalysisThe following is the step-by-step calculation chain for the ZVRA fair value. This utilizes a Sum-of-the-Parts (SOTP) architecture, as ZVRA consists of three distinct components, one of which has binary outcomes. All figures are in USD, based on Q1 2026 data.Why Sum-of-the-Parts, Not a Single MultipleA single forward-PE model collapses commercial earnings, cash, and the clinical pipeline into one generalized earnings number. This structurally forces an assumption that the pipeline succeeds entirely, rather than applying an appropriate probability weight. For a company where roughly a third of the value consists of binary (win-or-zero) clinical bets, a standard multiple is inadequate. Therefore, the three parts must be valued independently and summed.Part 1: The Commercial Business (Going Concern)Isolating sustainable operating profit from reported figures:Annualized revenue: ≈ 150M (MIPLYFFA commercial ~100M + royalties + EAP)Gross margin: >90%, less pipeline-directed R&D (counted separately in Part 3)Sustainable commercial operating profit: ≈ 50MAfter-tax: ≈ 42MFair multiple: 8–11x.Rationale: A single-product rare-disease annuity with patent protection to 2041 argues for a higher multiple. However, the market ceiling is already in sight (it covers roughly half of diagnosed NPC patients and added only 9 new prescriptions in the quarter), which caps the multiple. It is a long-duration income stream, not a growth compounder.Part 1 Value: 42M × 8.3 to 42M × 11.2 ≈ 350M – 470MCross-check: Discounting a flat 42M for 15 years (patent life) at 10% ≈ 320M floor. This is consistent with the multiple range.Part 2: Net Cash236.8M cash & investments − 0 long-term debt ≈ 237MThis is held separately and not consolidated inside an earnings multiple to prevent valuation distortion.Part 3: Risk-Adjusted Pipeline (rNPV)Each asset is valued as: (peak sales potential × probability of success × margin), discounted using a real options approach.AssetPhaseProbability of SuccessrNPV Estimatearimoclomol (EU/NPC)EMA reviewHigh (already US-approved)50M – 90Mceliprolol (vEDS)Phase 3~50% – 60%75M – 160MKP1077 (idiopathic hypersomnia/narcolepsy)Phase 3~40% – 55% (larger, competitive market)50M – 150MTotal175M – 400MThe wide range is deliberate; because these are binary outcomes, the variance is real and inherent to the assets, not a modeling weakness.Part 4: Summation and Per-Share ValueComponentBearBaseBullCommercial350M420M470MNet cash237M237M237MPipeline (rNPV)175M280M400MTotal value762M937M1,107M÷ ~61M diluted sharesFair value / share~$12.50~$15.40~$18.10Estimated Fair Value: ≈ $14 – $18, midpoint ≈ $15.50.Part 5: Sensitivity Analysis±10% on celiprolol's probability of success → ±~$0.70/share±30M on MIPLYFFA peak-sales assumption → ±~$3.00/shareThe discount rate has less impact here than in a standard DCF because the cash (Part 2) is not discounted, and the pipeline's variance is driven predominantly by clinical probabilities, not the discount rate.Valuation Variance and Dominant Swing VariablesThe valuation band is intentionally wide, and point-estimate confidence is inherently weaker due to the binary (win-or-zero) nature of the pipeline. The dominant swing variables are not the multiple or the discount rate; they are MIPLYFFA's ultimate NPC market penetration and the celiprolol Phase 3 readout. Those two factors alone can shift the fair value from approximately $12 to $24.Therefore, the definitive conclusion is not a static price target of $15.40. Rather, the going concern plus cash is worth roughly $10–$11 a share with reasonable confidence, while the remainder of the premium pays for a clinical option portfolio whose expected value is statistically real but carries enormous variance.Disclaimer: Informational analysis, not licensed financial advice.